This note extends Lucas' (1987) analysis to assess welfare gains of economic growth and welfare costs of consumption inequality, both within and across countries. We find that the welfare costs of inequality are significantly larger than the gains of economic growth. While the gains of economic growth are equivalent to a permanent increase of 26% in per-capita consumption, the costs of within-country and cross-country inequality are equivalent to a permanent reduction in per-capita consumption of 45% and 90% respectively. A benevolent planner would accept a negative growth rate of 1% (instead of the baseline positive rate of 2.1%) in exchange for the elimination of all within-country inequality. The gains of economic growth are equivalent to those of reducing within-country inequality by approximately 1/3.
